CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
1.0 OVERVIEW (Page 3)
2.0 STRATEGIC THRUST OF THE REGIONAL ACTION PROGRAMME FOR
COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN ASIA (Page 4)
2.1 Legislative and Policy Mandate
2.2 Operating Principles of the Regional Action Programme
3.0 THE PREPARATION PROCESS OF THE BACKGROUND PAPER FOR THE
REGIONAL ACTION PROGRAMME (Page 7)
3.1 Learning from Past Experiences: Building blocks for the formulation of the Regional Action Programme for Asia
3.2 The Preparatory Work for the Formulation of the Regional Action Programme
4.0 FRAMEWORK OF THE REGIONAL ACTION PROGRAMME (Page 9)
4.1 General Objectives of the Regional Action Programme for Asia to Combat Desertification
4.2 Strategy for Achieving the Objectives
4.3 Thematic Programme Areas of the Regional Action Programme
5.0 PROPOSED INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM OF THE REGIONAL ACTION PROGRAMME (Page 20)
5.1 Setting up of Steering Committee
5.2 The Establishment of the Regional Backup Facility (RBF)
5.3 Consultative Review of the Thematic Process
5.4 Programme Evaluation
6.0 PROGRAMME PREPARATION, PRE-IMPLEMENTATION (Page 22)
CONCLUSION
Annex I
REFERENCE GRID ON THEMATIC PROGRAMME AREAS FOR THE REGIONAL
ACTION PROGRAMME FOR ASIA
Annex II
TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE EXPERTS GROUP ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE THEMATIC PROGRAMME NETWORKS (TPNs) FOR THE ASIAN REGIONAL
ACTION PROGRAMME IN COMBATING DESERTIFICATION
1.0 Background
2.0 Rationale
3.0 Strategic Thrust
4.0 Draft Terms of Reference for the Experts Group
5.0 Description of Outputs
6.0 Tentative Calendar of Events (1997 - 2001)
Annex III
CONSIDERATION OF CROSS-CUTTING ELEMENTS
1.0 Science, Technology and Technical Cooperation
2.0 Public Participation and Consensus Building
3.0 Education Curricula Promotion and Awareness Raising
4.0 Capacity and Institution Building
5.0 Regional Cooperation and Land Degradation Across Different Climatic Subregions
6.0 Research Study on the Enabling Macropolicy Framework
FRAMEWORK PAPER ON THE ELEMENTS FOR A REGIONAL
ACTION PROGRAMME TO IMPLEMENT THE CONVENTION TO
COMBAT DESERTIFICATION IN ASIA
INTRODUCTION
Consistent with the provisions of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
in those countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification (CCD), particularly Annex II,
the Regional Implementation Annex for Asia, this paper is a reference document. The document has
taken into account the conclusions of the Regional Conference on the implementation of the CCD in
Asia which took place in New Delhi in August 1996. It has stimulated the consideration of a Regional
Action Programme at the second Regional Conference on the Implementation of the Convention to
Combat Desertification in Asia which took place at ministerial level in Beijing in May 1997. The
present focus of this revised version integrates the conclusions of this last meeting and spells out an
approach for the preparation of the Regional Action Programme for Asia in combating desertification
(RAP for Asia) through the setting up of thematic programme networks. Proposed implementation
activities for the preparation of the Regional Action Programme are projected until the year 2001.
The document was prepared by Mr Rodriguo Fuentes under the direction of the Secretariat
of the CCD. The author went through a extensive process of consultation, visiting Asian countries
during the fall of 1996, during the tenth session of the INCD in New York and at the Beijing meeting
where the document received a positive review. The paper is presented by the Secretariat as an
analytical reference document which does not represent a policy statement from Asian States or the
Secretariat .
If resources allocated at the first Conference of the Parties permit, the Permanent Secretariat
of the CCD would continue to facilitate regional and subregional exchanges, with the objective of
enhancing regional cooperation in the implementation of the Convention. It is anticipated that
forthcoming consultative expert meetings would give shape to the process of formulating, adjusting
and monitoring the RAP for Asia. It is further hoped that the Global Mechanism and the Committee
on Science and Technology of the CCD will also support regional cooperation in Asia.
Gregoire de Kalbermatten
Coordinator for Programme and Policy Development
Secretariat of the CCD
1.0 OVERVIEW
The CCD has recognized the magnitude of the problems caused by pernicious land degradation
in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas. It followed the United Nations Conference on
Desertification (UNCOD) in Nairobi in 1977 and the historic United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. The CCD was
adopted in Paris on June 1994 and entered into force on the 26 December 1996. 16 Asian countries
have ratified or acceded to the Convention as of first March 1997.
The challenge is considerable. Despite the vastness of the Asian continent, about 35 percent
of the region's productive land are under severe threat of desertification, resulting in an enormous loss
of productivity. Within the region the four main zones in which arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid
areas are widespread are in: a) the Near and Middle East; b) Indian Subcontinent and Afghanistan;
c) Central Asia; and d) China and Mongolia. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
estimates that desertification affects more than 1,341 million ha of productive land. The Global
Assessment of Human Induced Soil Degradation (GLASOD) assessed that lost productivity through
desertification in Asia is ranked as the worst among the regions in the world. The losses in investment
and potential production per unit in Asia were the greatest compared with other regions. More than
50 per cent of the world's irrigated lands affected by waterlogging and salinization are also found in
Asia, touching a large population. Other countries in the region also face a range of land degradation
problems such as water and wind erosion, physical and chemical deterioration of soil as a result of a
complex interplay of socio-economic forces and human-induced factors such as deforestation,
unsustainable agricultural practices and overgrazing.
The implication of desertification for the Asian population goes far beyond the desertified
areas. The correlations between desertification and food security, desertification and migrations and
conflicts or the consequent rural exodus towards the cities need to be further explored. As more lands
are becoming unproductive, poverty conditions particularly among the rural population are expected
to worsen. In China alone, the population at risk because of desertification is estimated at 400
million! In sub-humid and humid South-East Asia, more than 44 million people are in rural areas
which are affected by deforestation and associated land degradation. Since 25 percent of the Asian
population growth will be in the rural sector, it can be conservatively estimated that the rural
population in Asia and the Pacific will grow at a greater rate than the growth in the area of arable land.
As projected, per capita area of arable land, which stood at 0.48 ha in 1950-1955, can be expected to
decline to 0.25 ha by 2000. At the same time FAO reckons that world food supply should increase by
75% over the next 30 years to meet the needs of a growing population. These broad conditions
affecting the rural world can only exacerbate the degradation of the conditions in areas affected by
desertification.
Against this backdrop, the strategic importance of the CCD has become obvious. The
imperatives for developing a strategic action programme for combating desertification both at national
and regional level need no further underscoring.
2.0 STRATEGIC THRUST OF THE REGIONAL ACTION PROGRAMME FOR ASIA
2.1 Legislative and Policy Mandate
Article 13 of the Convention spells out the possible content of regional action programmes,
while Articles 5 and 6 of the Regional Implementation Annex for Asia deal with intergovernmental
cooperation within the region. These programmes would include affected country Parties, developed
country Parties, competent international organizations. Article 6 indicates that regional activities may
include:
a) promoting and strengthening technical cooperation networks;
b) preparing inventories of technologies, knowledge, know-how and practices, as well
as traditional and local technologies and know-how, and promoting their
dissemination and use;
c) evaluating the requirements for technology transfer and promoting the adaptation and
use of such technologies; and
d) encouraging public awareness programmes and promoting capacity building at all levels, strengthening training, research and development and building systems for human resource development.
Article 2 of the CCD calls for consistency with Agenda 21 which broadly recommended the
focal programme areas for fighting desertification and drought. In keeping with the thrust of these
areas, the strategic direction of the RAP for Asia would revolve on these areas, viz: (a) strengthening
the knowledge base and developing information and monitoring systems for regions prone to
desertification and drought, including the economic and social aspects of these ecosystems; (b)
supporting countries through policy research and technical assistance in their efforts to combat land
degradation through intensified soil conservation, afforestation and reforestation activities; (c)
enhancing capabilities of institutions of affected countries to develop integrated development
programmes for the eradication of poverty and promotion of alternative livelihood systems in areas
prone to desertification; (d) enhancing governments' capacities with sectoral representation from the
major groups in developing comprehensive anti-desertification programmes and integrating them into
national development plans and national environmental planning; (e) assisting countries develop
comprehensive drought preparedness and drought-relief schemes, including self-help arrangements,
for drought-prone areas and formulating programmes to cope with environmental refugees; and (f)
encouraging and promoting popular participation and environmental education, focusing on
desertification control and management of the effects of drought.
2.2 Operating Principles of the Regional Action Programme
To enable countries to respond effectively to these issues, the Convention as its basic approach
strongly recommended the formulation of National Action Programmes (NAPs). Its aim was to
identify factors within the respective countries that contribute to desertification and the practical
measures necessary to combat the degradation process and/or mitigate the effects of drought. As a
support mechanism and cognizant of the urgent need for international collaboration, the Convention
also called for the development of a Regional Action Programme and Subregional Action Programmes
whose purpose is to harmonize, complement and improve the effectiveness of the national programmes.
As a guide in designing the RAP, Article 15 of the Convention and the Regional Implementation Annex
for Asia (Annex II) elaborated the scope of activities for the preparation of the action plan for Asia.
For the purpose of ensuring consistency with the provisions of the CCD, the following operating
principles are proposed in guiding the formulation of the RAP:
2.2.1. Country ownership of the RAP elements through thematic networks of national focal
points - The core element of the RAP are the priority Thematic Programme Areas
(TPAs) which shall form the basis for the setting-up of thematic programme (TP)
networks. Countries participating in these networks will be nominating focal points
and identifying their respective national activities consistent with the thematic areas.
This arrangement will help promote country ownership of the activities. Members of
a network may wish to design a specialized country institution/agency, a regional
and/or sub regional institution to act as a task manager for the network, facilitating
programme development and coordination.
2.2.2. Management support through a Regional Backup Facility - To provide the
operational support for the various TP networks in enhancing the linkage mechanism
and other perceived needs amongst the participating countries, a regional backup
facility will be constituted following the establishment of the TP networks. The
specific mandate, location and functional support for the facility will be established,
on a demand-driven basis, upon constitution of the TP networks by their task
managers. Conceptually, the regional backup facility could be comprised of three
major units, viz:
a) Project Preparation Unit which is to be responsible for providing assistance in
preparing the investment portfolios of the TP networks and their respective
beneficiary countries;
b) Capacity Building Unit which will manage capacity-building programmes identified
and prioritized by the TP networks beneficiary countries, including strengthening of
linkages amongst institutions of the beneficiary countries, enhancing information
exchange on desertification control and management; and
c) Monitoring and Evaluation Unit will assist beneficiary countries of the TP network
to develop a reliable framework of programme indicators and milestones that can be
used for monitoring and assessing the impacts of policies, priorities and programme
activities undertaken by the beneficiary countries.
More generally, the Facility would service the regional institutional mechanism under 5 below.
2.2.3. Periodic consultations on resources mobilization - Articles 20 and 21 of the
convention recognized the critical importance of providing adequate and timely
provision of funds to support the requirement for combating desertification. Taking
into account the progress of negotiations in the INCD on the global mechanism, a
partnership process would have to be worked out at the regional level to ensure that
adequate financial resources are rationally mobilized for RAP preparation and
implementation in the spirit of Article 7 of the Asia Annex. Periodic consultations
between donor institutions/countries and the TP networks will be set up with the end
view of agreeing on a procedure where donors would conclude partnership
arrangements in order to finance the best proposals.
2.2.4. Demand driven consultative process - The established TP networks shall follow a
demand-driven consultative process in the formulation of the respective project
portfolios. In the light of the other principles, the demand-driven consultative process
shall culminate in the finalization of the networks' respective regional support
programmes. The process is to be coordinated by the task managers in full
cooperation with the national focal points and the involvement of regional institutions
and interested donor countries.
2.2.5. Public-private partnership - Wherever feasible and viable a public-private partnership
will be explored in the preparation of project portfolios supervised by the TP
networks. The partnership arrangements can be explored with and between
government, business, or non-governmental organizations. The areas of partnership
could be in projects where technology has already been proven or innovative
endeavours with great potentials such as promotion of use of bio-genetic resources,
hydroponic or drip irrigation for intensive agriculture in arid lands, ecotourism etc.
2.2.6. Operational linkages with the Committee on Science and Technology and the Global
Mechanism - In the light of the ongoing discussions on the proposed programme of
work for the Committee on Science and Technology (CST) and the global
mechanisms, the elements of the RAP and the proposed TP networks will be
formulated along the lines of current negotiations. The TP networks, in consultation
with the Regional Facility, shall establish operational linkage with the CST and the
Global mechanism to ensure consistency in the formulation of the project portfolios
at the regional level.
3.0 THE PREPARATION PROCESS OF THE BACKGROUND PAPER FOR
REGIONAL ACTION PROGRAMME FOR COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN
ASIA
3.1 Learning from Past Experiences: Building blocks for the formulation of the
Regional Action Programme for Asia
Combating desertification is not a new proposition among countries in the region. Quite the
contrary, a number of the successful technologies and approaches that are globally adopted for
desertification control were developed and tested in the region. The expertise of a number of
institutions involved in desertification control and management is even acknowledged. There were
recorded successes in many of endeavours such as those that have been exhibited in China, Mongolia,
India, Islam Republic of Iran, Israel, and some of the Central Asian States, particularly in the areas
of research, actual rehabilitation programs (e.g., soil and water conservation, reforestation and
agroforestry, range management, sand dune fixation), and other capacity-building programs. The
pursuit of these development approaches highlighted the fact that desertification and drought are issues
that transcend boundaries. As countries in Asia share the same concern, the establishment of a
regional network that can bring together the individual efforts of addressing desertification and
drought issues was a perceived necessity. In a way, setting up the Regional Network of Research and
Training Centres on Desertification Control in Asia and the Pacific (DESCONAP) was a first
important initiative in responding to this need.
Building from these experiences is the context by which the Regional Action Programme is
being developed. After decades of activities in dryland areas in the region and taking into account the
rich and diverse experience of countries in the field of desertification control, the consolidation of those
lessons is expected to provide the valuable basis in the formulation of the RAP for Asia.
3.2 The Preparatory Work for the Formulation of the Regional Action Programme
Supplementing the review and consolidation of past experiences in combating desertification
in the region, consultative discussions with selected countries were undertaken. Under the auspices
of the Interim Secretariat or UNEP, several consultative regional meetings were convened involving
some of the key institutions and personalities that are committed to address desertification issue in the
region. Guided specially by Articles 11 to 14 of the Convention the following significant regional
meetings were conducted:
3.2.1. The Asia-Pacific Meeting on the Follow-up to the International Convention to
Combat Desertification, Yangon, April 1995 - which endorsed several programmes
deemed as priority for consideration in the formulation of a regional action, viz.: (i)
Programme I - Information, collection, analysis and exchange; (ii) Program II -
Research and development programme with a subregional focus; (iii) Development
and transfer of technology; and (iv) Capacity building, education and awareness.
3.2.2. International Conference in Almaty, Kazakhstan, June 1995 - resolved that the areas
for possible international cooperation between Central Asian, other CIS countries and
Asian countries be focused on: (i) Water resources utilization in international river
basins; (ii) formulation of sound and effective management of land resources that
takes into account zonal specification of territories; (iii) desertification monitoring
and establishment of early warning systems for unfavourable natural phenomena; (iv)
cooperation in research, science and technology; (v) development and improvement
of economic tools for environmental management; (vi) improvement of environmental
impact assessment; (vii) conservation of biological diversity in arid and semi-arid
areas; (viii) development of network of protected areas; (ix) development of
environmental zoning and mapping; and (x) rehabilitation of lands affected by the
activities of a military-industrial complex.
3.2.3. Sub-regional Consultation on the Implementation of the CCD Western Asia, Abu
Dhabi, June 1996 - considered the following areas for action at the subregional level:
(i) preparation of a detailed assessment and comprehensive appraisal of past and
present activities; (ii) the collection and assessment of existing data and information
on desertification in the subregion with the end view to formulating a monitoring
programme; (iii) establishment of networking between national, regional and
international institutions with the view to exchanging knowledge and experiences
among member countries; and (iv) cooperation programme for strategic studies,
research and development on the fields of socio-economic aspects of the promotion
of nomads livelihood with particular emphasis on indigenous knowledge systems
relevant for drylands management, management of population dynamics, and
incentive programmes for youth mobilization in desertification control activities. This
focus was due for further review by the Regional Conference for Western Asia to be
held in Damascus in April 1997.
3.2.4. Regional Conference on the Implementation of the CCD in Asia, New Delhi, August
1996 - This important forum was the first regional meeting that covered discussion
on the preparation of the Regional Action Program for Asia pursuant to Annex II of
the Convention. The details of the resolution of the meeting are discussed in section
3.3 of this paper. The Delhi meeting endorsed the concept of decentralized
programme networks and the identification of the cross-cutting elements which should
be considered/included in the support programmes of each networks. A note on the
consideration of the cross-cutting elements is contained in Annex 4.
3.2.5. Tripartite Round Table in Amman, January 1997, presented the results of the joint study between the Hachemite Kingdom of Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Authority on the protection of the ecology in the Rift Valley.
4.0 FRAMEWORK OF THE REGIONAL ACTION PROGRAMME
The adoption of the Convention on Desertification and its Annexes in June 1994 called for
well-defined activities at the national, subregional, regional and global levels. Thus, the Regional
Action Programme for Asia must see international organizations and agencies, regional institutions
and non-governmental organizations play a much more active role in support of the Convention.
Building on existing efforts and institutional arrangements at subregional or regional level, the RAP
will be more responsive to the complex and increasing demands for combating desertification in the
region.
4.1 General Objectives of the Regional Action Programme for Asia to Combat Desertification
Articles 2 (Objectives) and 3 (Principles) of the Convention stated the framework and the path
for a global and concerted action to fight desertification. Guided by these principles, the formulation
of the draft Regional Action Programme for Asia considers the following as its key objectives:
4.1.1. to develop a regional framework consistent with the objectives of the Convention, which advocates an integrated approach in combating desertification and drought, addressing the physical, biological and socio-economic aspects of the processes;
4.1.2. to strengthen subregional, and regional institutions by harmonizing policy directions and enhancing technical collaboration through networking of institutions, technology sharing, application of research findings, provision of training and assistance in preparing or identifying investment priorities;
4.1.3. to provide a basis for the consolidation of the national long-term goals for combating desertification and work towards the harmonization at subregional and regional level of efforts in achieving the goals; and
4.1.4. to establish the appropriate institutional mechanisms that promote the conclusion of
partnership arrangements and involve bilateral and multilateral financial institutions
in order to channel substantial financial resources for regional cooperation in Asia;
4.2 Strategy for Achieving the Objectives
All activities proposed under this RAP will support ongoing national action programmes to
combat desertification according to the principle of subsidiarity. Economies of scale will be achieved
through regional cooperation in the fields of science, technology and capacity building. In addition,
programme activities will link with ongoing initiatives in combating desertification in the region,
including those undertaken by World Bank, ADB, UNDP, FAO, IFAD, ESCAP/ DESCONAP,
UNEP, etc. The proposed action programme will be the first attempt at the regional level to address
common issues of desertification under Thematic Programme Areas (see item c).
To attain the above stated objectives, Thematic Area Task Managers will be selected for each
of the TP networks. Each thematic programme network will develop a regional support programme
(RSP) which will implement regional priorities identified through the collaborative networking of the
national focal points.
RSP would include studies, analysis of data and exchange of information, training, study tours
activities, feasibility studies and project execution, regrouped, as appropriate, under the cross-cutting
elements identified in the New Delhi meeting, viz.:
(a) scientific cooperation and technological transfers; (b) capacity and institution building; (c)
education and awareness programme; (d) establishing an information and assessment network
including exchange of information with countries across different climatic subregions; (e)
drought preparedness and mitigation in the context of climate change; and (f) studies on the
enabling macropolicy framework. See Annex 4. National activities, consisting of pilot
activities, leading to investments where warranted, will be developed to support the overall
strategy of the RSP. The initial phase of programme implementation will permit flexibility
and allow for the participation of all communities, NGOs and agencies involved in developing
the detailed design of RSPs.
The national focal point institutions that will carry out the regional support programmes and their associated national support activities will be selected on the basis of current performance and absorptive capacity. Maximum responsibility for implementation of th RSP will be delegated to the country level. Efforts to counter degradation of arid lands are based on policy changes, technology improvement, and local participation. All three elements will be addressed within the RSPs. The institutions in charge of implementing the RSPs and coordinating the Thematic networks as task managers can be regional, subregional or national institutions. They will be supported by a Regional Backup Facility (RBF) which is to be located in a regional multilateral institutions.
The overall coordination of the TP networks will be through the Facility on behalf of a
Steering Committee for the implementation of the RAP. Fig. 1 below illustrates the functional arrangements of the TP networks.
The regional task managers for the TP network will:
a) provide for improved communication and interaction on combating desertification and
natural resource management issues at four levels: within countries, the region, the
subregion, say Central or Western Asia, and (where this will strengthen the regional
initiative) globally, by:
(i) supporting application of research and promoting comparative analysis of
key elements (policy, social and technical) which have bearing on the
desertification control;
(ii) create networking channels for technical exchange, and training on specific
topics relating to resource degradation in arid lands. This would include
issues of policy, education and technology; and
b) liaise on a regular basis with the regional backup Facility on one hand and the
national focal points on the other hand to define the content of the RSP within the
RAP framework and coordinate progress of the work programme with all the
stakeholders;
c) ensure interface with similar interregional cooperation initiatives;
The national focal points within the TP networks will:
a) coordinate national governmental and non-governmental inputs and make an
inventory of national resources available for the RSP;
b) bolster human resources, institutional capacity and financial support required to
manage environmental issues and natural resource use in arid lands;
c) facilitate investment in priority areas by undertaking pilot and feasibility work that
would lead to optimal investment in the application of proven technologies to curtail
degradation of the natural resource base.
A holistic approach will ensure that technology, policy, and economic considerations that can
be used to bring about sustainable natural resource management within the thematic field will be taken
into account. Participants in the networks will come from within the identified institutions and from
countries with state-of-the-art expertise in relevant issues. Sharing information of country experiences,
policies, and technologies will provide a step towards cooperative action.
A low-cost participatory approach is envisaged through the involvement of existing institutions and local communities to implement some programmes. Participating governments start with the designation of national focal points from identified agencies to assist in the programme's implementation.
4.3 Thematic Programme Areas of the Regional Action Programme
On the basis of the preliminary discussions with the focal institutions in countries visited, the
major thematic programme areas with strong enhancement of the proposals from each country are
discussed below. These priority areas have been endorsed by the Beijing meeting. It is to be understood
that these areas are not restrictive and expansion will depend on the perceived needs of the countries
that will participate in the network. Annex I presents a reference grid for the networks. The list of
countries identified in the said annex does not in any way limit the listing of participants. It is to be
taken in the context of being illustrative and will be completed at the experts Group meeting.
Thematic Programme Area 1: Desertification Monitoring and Assessment
Background
Dealing with desertification and understanding the dynamics of drought involve a high degree
of uncertainty with complex technical, socio-economic and political variables. For this reason the role
of science and technology cannot be over emphasized. Agenda 21 recognized the important
contribution of science and technology to environmental monitoring, particularly in the optimum use
of satellites for communications, navigation and positioning and meteorology.
Many countries in the region have taken advantage of space technologies, such as satellite-borne remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) for natural resources accounting and
environmental monitoring. The current knowledge and understanding of the trends of desertification
processes and drought dynamics in the region is a product of space technology applications in
meteorology and climatology, satellite communication, the use of global positioning systems (GPS)
for environmental and disaster monitoring. There is a need in the region for promotional efforts to
bring about awareness, knowledge and understanding of space applications in policy making for
desertification monitoring and assessment. This gap can be addressed in the RAP by focusing its
action programmes in the areas of: (i) developing the framework for the conduct of assessment and
monitoring on the status of desertification at regional and national levels using in combination the
various systems of space-based technologies; (ii) support to national focal points that will enhance
and improve the linkage of national databases with regional and international databases applying
digital and communication technology (e.g., internet, e-mail etc.); (iii) developing a regional framework
for the conduct of joint or collaborative information gathering and database consolidation of scientific
information on desertification control, land and water management; and (iv) formulation of
programmes that will promote the use of information generated by space-based technologies for policy
and programme development;(v) transfer of information to field-level end users
Objective
The overall objective of this thematic programme area is to enhance the desertification
monitoring and assessment capacities of countries in the region through the establishment of a network
and the harmonization of approaches for its conduct in the region.
Regional Support Programme
A desertification and monitoring network will be established with participating countries in
the region identifying these respective national institutions involved to be nominated as the focal points
for the network. The network will be linked to relevant international institutes on multilateral bodies
such as the World Meteorological Organization and other similar organizations doing work on the
matter. Upon establishment, the network will be given authority to establish its programme of
activities, including the identification and preparation of specific project portfolios to be implemented
by members of the network. Working along with the Regional backup facility, the network will set
up the protocols and procedures for the identification of priority project portfolios. On the basis of
the regional consultations with selected countries in the region the broad area for programming will
include information and scientific data exchanges, technical assistance through experts-exchange
programmes, study tours and training programmes. More specifically, possible areas of focus shall
be on (i) formulation of appropriate sets of desertification monitoring and evaluation indicators from
national to regional levels; (ii) development of guidelines for monitoring and assessing developed
indicators; (iii) development of a technical assistance and training programme for improving national
capacities of key scientific and technical personnel responsible for monitoring and assessment works;
and (iv) establishment of reporting and periodic review mechanism.
Thematic Programme Area 2: Agroforestry and Soil Conservation in Arid, Semi-arid and dry Sub-humid Areas
Background
Although the focus of these interventions is on arid or semi-arid lands, it cannot be argued that
most of these areas were once forested or naturally vegetated. Over centuries, trees have been cut and
the hills converted to grazing lands of grass and scrub. Tree removal, cropping and overgrazing have
resulted in severe soil erosion and watershed depletion. Where dams have been built, silting of
reservoirs from poorly protected watersheds is occurring.
Woody species of trees and shrubs can be used to establish greenbelts and windbreaks. The
planting of fruit and nut trees also aids watershed management and other environmental stabilization.
There is a need to establish which species and seed sources are of greatest value in forest management
systems which are compatible with animal grazing. The determination of the economic value for
various species of trees, and sharing of agroforestry developments with other countries are a regional
priority. This is particularly the case in hill areas where forest management as a means of watershed
and erosion control is a major concern.
It is acknowledged that many countries in the region have adopted approaches and strategies
for intensifying reforestation in arid lands. A number have even developed technologies that eventually
were adopted globally, such as using drip irrigation to establish greenbelts along desert highways and
shelter belts around newly developed orchards in the desert. As a result of practical methods of
inoculating indigenous species with their symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria to hasten growth of trees
in arid and semi-arid lands, many hill lands have been planted with trees, as have areas around new
towns and in water catchment sites in drier areas. Another approach is the establishment of seed banks
of native species of trees and shrubs which will be used to reforest wildlands an areas prone to erosion.
In several countries, governments are active with afforestation programmes for hill lands, and
establishing windbreaks and greenbelts. In many countries there is a mix or interface of afforestation
with orchard tree planting involving olives, almonds and figs in the drier areas and other fruits where
there is more rainfall. Much practical work has been undertaken to combine tree planting with hillside
stabilization to reduce rainwater runoff, and forest areas are increasingly used for recreational
purposes.
The principal constraints to the establishment of sustainable forest management and soil
conservation in the semi-arid and arid lands include: limited precipitation; the high cost of afforestation
and orchard development; financial losses incurred by landowners during the years between planting
and before fruit trees reach full productivity; interdisciplinary skills and the institutional capacity
required for forest management are yet to be fully developed in the region; traditional communal land
tenure systems and rights to utilize forest resources do not allow for sustainable forest management
at current levels of population pressure.
Objective
The overall objective of this theme is to curtail the process of wide-scale deforestation and
watershed degradation through the development and promotion of economically viable and
environmentally sound technologies for expanding tree cover and their incorporation into farming
systems.
Regional Support Programme
Focal points will establish a Regional Forestry and soil conservation Network through the
research institutions in the region. The participating countries national institutions would be
responsible for implementing the identified priority project portfolios and would constitute the principal
members of the Regional Forestry and Soil Conservation Network; the network will also be linked to
relevant international institutes through an electronic mail system which will facilitate implementation
of many of the network tasks. Cooperation could be expanded to countries facing similar challenges
in climatically different ecosystems.
The objectives of the network are to disseminate information and technical expertise, and to
collaborate on developing and implementing instruments and site application for reforestation,
afforestation and soil conservation in arid lands. Potential programme activities of the network include
the following: (i) establishment of a network among researchers and practitioners to review the
experience of agricultural production, watershed management and soil conservation initiatives; (ii)
stimulation of the introduction (e.g., N-fixing leguminous species) and application of appropriate and
more productive technologies (e.g., disease control, integrated pest management) on agroforestry
systems; (iii) contribution to capacity building and strengthening the ability of government research,
extension and support agencies actively engaged in the establishment of nurseries, the re-establishment
of forest and the introduction of agroforestry practices throughout the region (e.g., pruning, mulching);
(iv) undertake a socio-economic evaluation of the programme with a view to identification of potential
options for investment in further application of this methodology to similar areas in participating
countries; (v) promotion of information exchange, joint scientific and technology research programmes
including the consideration of know-how on indigenous and environmental technologies for managing
waterlogging and soil salinization; (vi) promote capacity building for the adoption of technologies and
approaches and their possible integration into education curricula; and (vii) fuel efficiency and
development of alternative energy sources.
Thematic Programme Area 3: Rangeland Management in Arid Areas including the fixation of sand
dunes
Background
The principal economic value of arid and semi-arid rangeland is provision of grazing for
livestock, primarily sheep, goats and camels. Livestock production is one of the major economic and
subsistence activities of the arid and semi-arid lands of the region. Rangelands also constitute the
largest area of degraded lands in certain zones of the Asia region. The two principal types of
rangeland degradation result from: (a) overgrazing, which reduces plant cover and the proportion of
plant species that can be consumed by livestock; (b) removal of range vegetation for agricultural
production; and (c) energy consumption.
A number of factors influence these forms of rangeland degradation. These include: reduction
in the area of rangeland resources available for pastoral activities (due to privatization and conversion
of range to other forms of land use); shifts away from traditional livestock management practices
(including provision of water and feed supplements in areas where stocking rates should be limited);
land tenure issues, and increasing population. Overgrazing and unsustainable forms of rangeland use
are reducing rangeland productivity and biodiversity and, in some instances, are causing
desertification.
The generally low priority assigned to tackling range degradation through improved range
management has been associated with lack of awareness of the main issues on the part of both policy
makers and resource users, and the low level of political influence of pastoral groups. There is an
urgent need to identify and establish rangeland management systems that are productive,
environmentally sustainable, and socially equitable.
Objective
The overall objective of this theme is to re-establish sustainable systems for managing
rangelands and livestock production in the rangelands in an economic and socially equitable manner.
This will entail the definition, development and application of participatory approaches to rangeland
management in order to enhance recovery of vegetative cover to increase rangeland productivity, and
improve options for social and economic development for those communities using these fragile areas.
More specifically, within this component, it is proposed to assess and monitor the present
utilization of rangeland resources, and to identify technologies and development activities that
demonstrate the potential for improving rangeland resource management to ensure conservation of the
resource base and maximum returns from its management (primarily in terms of livestock products)
throughout the region.
Regional Support Programme
A Network for Rangeland and Pasture Management in Arid Areas will be established through
the focal points in the appropriate institutions or agencies doing extensive work on these areas. The
participating country national institutions would be responsible for implementing the identified priority
project portfolios and would constitute the principal members of the regional rangeland and pasture
management network. The network will also be linked to relevant international institutes, such as
ICARDA and appropriate national and international NGOs having a proven track record in this field.
The network will share information and technical expertise and collaborate on developing and
implementing instruments and site application for strengthening the capacity to manage rangeland and
livestock in arid zones of the region. Possible programme activities shall include the following: (i)
consolidating existing knowledge, both from within and outside the Region, on rangeland production
systems, including the management of different livestock species, the application of various grazing
regimes; and the influence of intra-and inter-seasonal rainfall variations on range resources and
productivity and pastoralists' management strategies, and controlling shifting sand dunes and checking
wind erosion; (ii) exploring the physical, social and economic factors and issues that influence range
management practices. Under this theme, efforts to counter the degradation of arid areas will
necessitate local participation, assisted by policy adjustments (e.g. subsidies, land tenure, customary
laws on water rights, etc.); (iii) stimulating the introduction and application of innovative approaches
to the management of range resources through support for pilot activities and the transfer of
information on range and livestock management initiatives throughout the region (e.g. synchronization
of lambing, mass selection); (iv) capacity building and strengthening of government technical and
extension agencies throughout the region in the crucial area of rangeland and livestock management;
and (v) researching the strategic issues and problems underpinning the overall objective, with a view
to identifying opportunities for investment in more productive and sustainable rangeland and livestock
management systems; and (vi) policy review on property rights and the contribution of land tenure
system in the desertification process.
Thematic Programme Area 4: Water Resources Management for Agriculture in Arid, Semi-arid and
sub- humid lands
Background
Sustainable use of the limited supplies of water and the avoidance of degradation of irrigated
soils are complex issues affecting all countries of the region. Overirrigation combined with inadequate
irrigation systems and, in water-scarce areas, the reuse of drainage water for irrigation, has led to
waterlogging and salinization. Improved efficiency in the use of marginal water is being explored in
several countries through use of brackish aquifers and treated wastewater.
Processing and use of urban wastewater, the effective exploitation of brackish aquifers, and
the use of limited poor quality water resources for sustainable agricultural productivity, will require
a thorough integration of existing activities and interventions through policy and economic incentives.
The sharing of experience in this area amongst countries of the region would be useful. Management
of marginal water and the soils receiving it will require improved technologies and new investments
in wastewater recycling, brackish water processing, soil management, and soil and water quality
monitoring. Water use efficiency can also be improved through introduction of drought and salinity
tolerant crops.
Major constraints to the use of marginal water and reclamation of saline soil for agriculture
include: insufficient precipitation on irrigation water for leaching salts from agricultural soils; the high
investment cost of treatment facilities for wastewater; outdated regulatory standards governing the use
of saline and waste and surface waters in agriculture; inadequately defined national policy and
institutional responsibility for management of marginal waters and saline soils, and insufficient
technical expertise and access to ongoing activities in this field of research and development.
Objective
The overall objective of this theme is to promote cost effective approaches to the use of scarce
water resources, to minimize further soil degradation caused by salinization, and to test methodologies
for the reclamation and use of already degraded soils.
Regional Support Programme
A Water Resources Management Network will be established with the focal point in the
appropriate institution or agency doing extensive work on these areas. The participating countries'
national institutions would be responsible for implementing the identified priority project portfolios
and National Support Activities and would constitute the principal members of the regional network.
The network will be linked to relevant international institutes (e.g., The International Irrigation
Management Institute - IIMI). To facilitate the implementation of its tasks, the network members will
be linked through an electronic mail system.
The network will share information and technical expertise, and collaborate on developing
water resources management programme in arid and dry lands and improving the use of marginal
waters. Potential programme activities for the network shall include the following: (i) consolidating
existing knowledge, both from within and outside the Region, on the management and sustainable use
of marginal water resources and saline soils for agricultural production; (ii) establishing links among
researchers and practitioners to foster a synergism in the development and application of innovative
technologies used to manage water resources and saline soils for agricultural production (e.g.,
frequency and volume of irrigation in relation to water quality, water delivery and drainage systems);
(iii) contributing to capacity building and strengthening the ability of government research and service
agencies throughout the region in the crucial area of water resources and soil management in arid land
agriculture; (iv) establishing a monitoring system to assess the long-term effects on soils of marginal
water use; (v) encourage the participation of the private sector in promoting technologies proven to
meet the objective of water resource conservation in arid, semi-arid and dry humid lands; and (vi)
developing mechanisms for pricing water use and establishment of conflict resolution mechanism for
water use.
Thematic Programme Area 5: Strengthening Capacities for Drought Impact Management and
desertification control
Background
The vastness of the Asian continent gives a different characterization of the arid, semi-arid and
dry sub-humid areas of the region, making it equally difficult in formulating a single strategic approach
to drought management. It is imperative to make a risk- analysis assessment of the Asian region in
relation to the frequency of drought occurrence as well as its severity. Drought is a recurring climatic
phenomenon that should be distinguished from climatic change. However, the frequency of drought
is certainly affected by climate change. Historical analysis of climatic variations and drought
occurrence is very important as a basis for risk assessment. Moreover, existing models of projected
climatic change in the above regions as a result of the postulated greenhouse effect should also be used
in risk assessment, particularly with regard to possible changes in aridity and drought frequency.
Finally, an assessment has to be made of the possible effect of climatic change and drought on
desertification, which ought to be exemplified by actual historical cases which can serve as a reference
framework and database.
In parallel with the risk analysis, an assessment has to be made concerning the impact of
climate change, drought and desertification on both agricultural production and food security in the
four Asian subregions. Societies-preparedness response options must be reviewed. Livestock,
production systems, whether extensive (semi-nomadic), intensive, or as mixed farming, should be
included as a separate part of agricultural production and food security. The assessment has to include
a historical evaluation to capture climatic, environmental, societal, cultural and political variations
with time, such as specific period characterized by drought and desertification. The agricultural
production of food is only one element, albeit a very important one, in the analysis of food systems and
food availability, which together relate to food security. Other items to be included: climatic and
environmental review by region in relation to agricultural (& livestock) production and food security,
food production figures by category with time, food reserves in relation to food security, vulnerability
(environmental, economic, social), bottom-up and top-down related causes for changes in agricultural
production and food security, as well as recommendations for improvement in food production and
food security with increased drought preparedness and desertification control.
Objective
The overall objective of this theme is to enhance preparedness and strengthen institutional
capacities to plan for drought preparedness and management with the end view of developing early
warning systems and medium-range forecasting methodologies for improving food security.
Regional Support Programme
A Planning for Drought Preparedness and Management Network will be established with the
focal point in the appropriate institution or agency doing experienced work on this subject matter. The
participating countries' national institutions would be responsible for implementing the identified
priority project portfolios and would constitute the principal members of the regional network. The
network will be linked to relevant international institutes, and to facilitate the implementation of its
tasks the network members will be linked through an electronic mail system.
The network will share information and technical expertise, and collaborate on developing this
drought preparedness and management programme in arid and dry lands. Potential programme
activities for the network shall include the following: (i) consolidating existing knowledge, both from
within and outside the Region, on drought preparedness and management; (ii) establishing links among
researchers and practitioners in the development and application of innovative methodologies and
approaches to drought preparedness; (iii) contributing to capacity building and strengthening the ability
of government research and service agencies throughout the region in the crucial area of drought
management, particularly in planning and development of food security strategies.
Thematic Programme Area 6: Assistance for the Implementation of Integrated Local Area
Development Programmes (LADPs) Initiatives
Background
This area would be closely linked to National Action Programmes. Noting that the poor are
both agents and victims of desertification, it is necessary that decentralized institutional arrangements
and economic incentives be developed to assist the poor in managing natural resources. The
Convention's poverty orientation explicitly reflects the main development challenges facing many of
the signatory countries. To eradicate poverty, the Convention proposes measures linked to the
development of rural markets, expansion of agricultural diversity, establishment of adequate price and
tax policies, promotion of drought-resistant crops, and application of integrated dryland farming
systems. The attainment of these aims not only demands a reappraisal of the financial aspects of the
development process but also an intensive resource mobilization both domestically generated and
through official development assistance.
Similarly, efforts to alleviate desertification should be closely coordinated with the affected
communities, promoting their participation at all levels of decision-making. Given the strong social
dimensions of sustainable development, the Convention has focused on: a) promoting effective
participation at local, national and regional levels of NGOs and local populations, including women,
farmers, pastoralists and their organizations; b) encouraging the use of cooperative mechanisms,
including NGOs; c) responding to the specific needs of local populations, promoting traditional and
local knowledge, and strengthening extension and dissemination; and d) giving due consideration to
local area development programmes.
Objective
The overall objective of this theme is to support a comparative analysis of locally developed
initiatives undertaken by communities which adopt specific and innovative approaches in combating
desertification. The intention is to pilot these experiences and consolidate the results for possible
replication on a region-wide scale.
Regional Support Programme
Focal points in selected countries will implement pilot local schemes and constitute a Support
Network for Locally Developed Initiatives. The task of the participating countries' national
institutions would be to identify local communities on desertification control technologies or schemes.
The community shall be responsible for implementing the priority pilot project portfolios and selected
representatives of NGOs and CBOs would become the principal members of the thematic network.
Experience from the pilot schemes will be consolidated by the task manager of the network and can
be used for further expansion. Initial funding sources will be obtained to support the initial works
under the network.
The network will share information and technical expertise, and collaborate with communities on developing local area development activities in arid and dry lands. Potential programme activities for the network shall include the following: (i) decentralized land-resource management by delegating responsibility to rural organizations; (ii) strengthening rural organizations in charge of village and pastoral land management; (iii) establishing and developing local, national and intersectoral mechanisms to address land tenure issues with particular attention on protecting the property rights of women, pastoral and nomadic groups living in rural areas; (iv) providing appropriate incentives to small farmers, pastoralists, and communities for better land-management practices; (v) promoting of rural credit and mobilizing rural savings through the establishment of rural banking systems; and (vi) meeting capital needs for infrastructure, as well as local production and marketing capacity.
5.0 PROPOSED INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM FOR THE REGIONAL ACTION
PROGRAMME
The Regional Implementation Annex for Asia provided the parameters by which the regional
institutions shall operate. The New Delhi conference acknowledged in August 1996 that it would be
technically difficult to assign a single regional institution to spearhead the RAP implementation. For
this reason a pragmatic approach was advocated: the establishment of several networks built around
the thematic programme areas. The networks shall have the task of overseeing the strengthening of
institutions and mechanisms for coordination and cooperation at the national, subregional and regional
levels.
In the context of the present constraints and realities faced by multilateral agencies like the
United Nations System, the proposed arrangements could not count on substantive up-front infusion
of resources for its operations. Task managers of the thematic networks; their national focal points
should thus be entrusted with resources-mobilization efforts, assisted as appropriate by multilateral
institutions. Each network's regional support programme could become the object of a specific
partnership arrangement with institutions or agencies in developed country Parties.
To flex out the details of this institutional framework for the launching of the RAP, an Experts
Group will be constituted following the Beijing Meeting. The Terms of Reference (TOR) for setting
up the Experts Group to Review the Framework for the Development of the Thematic Programme
Networks under the RAP appears as Annex II.
As envisioned, the Experts Group will look into the following institutional arrangement:
5.1 Setting up of Steering Committee
A Steering Committee would oversee overall implementation of the programme and would be
responsible for providing general guidance on technical matters for addressing the desertification issue
in the region in consonance with the provision of the Convention and the Asian Annex. The Steering
Committee would include membership of the participating governments, contributing donors and, when
necessary, outside experts. The Steering Committee will review and coordinate the preparation of the
work programmes and budgets of the Thematic Programme Areas network and their respective
regional support programme facilitated by the Regional Backup Facility.
5.2 The Establishment of the Regional Backup Facility (RBF)
The RBF is seen as a cost effective, demand-driven support structure for the networks. The
facilitation of the function of the TP network largely hinges on the creation of the Regional Backup
Facility which is contemplated to be set up in response to needs identified during the initial phase of
implementation of the RAP. Its location could be in one of the regional multilateral institutions. The
facility would support and report to the Steering Committee and would be composed of one senior
Facilitator, support staff, and ad hoc consulting staff as required. Responsibilities of the RBF would
include:
a) secretariat of the steering committee and overall support and coordination of the
RAP;
b) assistance to the TP networks in the design of the RSPs, including:
(i) preparation of project portfolios for possible financing institutions;
(ii) coordination and facilitation of links among programme components; and
c) manage capacity-building programmes identified and prioritized by the TP networks;
and
d) assistance in the development of a framework of programme indicators and
milestones for monitoring and assessing impacts.
5.3 Consultative Review of the Thematic Process
Thematic review meetings will be held on a regular basis for each thematic Regional Support
Programme in order to ensure that the objectives of the programme are achieved. Participants to the
meeting will include: the network's task managers, national experts responsible as focal points for
implementing the thematic RSPs, representatives of supportive multilateral or bilateral institutions,
independent specialists, and the facilitator.
The overall objective of the thematic review process is to assess collegially progress of the
programme and recommend measures to maintain or improve the efficiency of operations as necessary.
The first thematic review meeting will establish the first-year annual work programmes, budgets and
monitoring indicators for each RSP. Thereafter, the meetings would be held on a regular basis to:
a) review work accomplished by the RSPs;
b) analyze collegially the successes and setbacks experienced in the previous year,
review past and future RSP activities and assess progress in relation to monitoring
indicators;
c) strengthen the methodological content of the proposed programmes in response to the
assessment; and
d) review and, if necessary, adjust institutional and financial arrangements;
e) if necessary, redefine progress.
5.4 Programme Evaluation
Towards the end of the initial five year period (1997-2002), RAP programme evaluation will
be undertaken by independent consultants. The evaluation team will assess programme performance
using all available information including performance indicator data supplied by the RSPs and field
visits. This evaluation could be used to plan and design future programme activities.
The objective of the evaluation is to assess the overall conception and performance of the programme,
including the institutional aspects. In particular, the evaluation would:
a) review implementation of the programme in relation to stated objectives, targets
schedules and budgets;
b) identify the crucial factors, both positive and negative, that have influenced
implementation of the programme;
c) evaluate the extent to which programme objectives have been achieved; and
d) draw lessons from the experience to date and recommend implementation
arrangements in order to improve the course of possible future actions.
There is no doubt whatsoever that the major role for ensuring the implementation of the RAP
lies with national Governments and their designated specialized institutions, individually and
collectively. However, the active cooperation and participation of international and regional agencies
and bodies and multilateral financial institutions is a prerequisite for its successful implementation.
The United Nations bodies and agencies and multilateral financial institutions should, to the
fullest extent possible, provide technical assistance and financial support for the implementation of the
RAP. In the context of the Global Mechanism that is currently being negotiated, financial support
should also be explored from countries, and also from donor agencies, organizations and NGOs.
Major multilateral financing institutions have been invited by the Beijing Ministerial Conference to
assist the implementation of the regional action programme through technical assistance and
concessional funding. UNDP/UNSO should take a leading role in capacity-building and provide
funding support for the Regional Backup Facility.
6.0 PROGRAMME PREPARATION, PRE-IMPLEMENTATION
The national reference framework of the RAP would be at the level of preparedness of
countries to implement desertification control programmes as embodied in their respective National
Action Programmes (NAPs). Precisely for this reason, the Convention gave significant attention to
Article 10 which elaborated on the scope of the NAPs. While some countries in the region have
completed their NAPs, there are a number that are still in the process of preparing one or are yet to
begin. The present efforts of encouraging countries to develop their respective NAPs in keeping with
article 10 of the Convention should be continuously pursued.
The key to the immediate operationalization of the RAP is the entrusting of the function of task
manager to a competent national institution or an intergovernmental institution located in the region.
The task manager, assisted by its partners, would then establish guidelines for a functional network
of focal points, prepare and develop the RSP and liaise with the Facilitator for overall RAP
coordination. The task manager would eventually be confirmed in his functions by the national focal
points.
The next phase of the RAP preparation includes activities leading towards the setting up of
the TP networks. The next phase of the RAP preparation includes activities leading towards the
setting up of the TP networks. The framework for pursuing the next phases of activities is embodied
in the Declaration of the Beijing Ministerial Conference on Regional Cooperation to Implement the
Convention to Combat Desertification in Asia held from 13-15 May 1997.
CONCLUSION
The challenges of combating desertification remain as daunting as ever. After twenty years
of activities to mitigate its impacts, reversing the trends continuous to be an elusive objective. Clearly,
the present efforts are not sufficient to stem the tide in combating desertification. The Convention to
Combat Desertification offers fresh hopes in confronting this pernicious environmental problem. The
heart of the present strategy is in the recognition of the significant role of local communities and people
who are directly affected by the desertification process. It is to be complemented by the collective
action of governments that would provide the appropriate framework and policy guidance for local
initiatives to effectively operate.
The conclusion of the Beijing Meeting which considered and favourably reviewed the
operational elements of this paper is a major step forward. Its consistency with the provisions of the
Convention especially in the operationalization of the Regional Implementation Annex for Asia is
established. Although it is acknowledged that the approach suggested is incremental, given the
diversity of the region, it is the most pragmatic formula in effecting the Convention in Asia. In
essence, the next challenge of the post-Beijing meeting is the immediate mobilization of the Expert's
Group that will be tasked to lay the foundation for making the TPNs function. Undoubtedly, support
from international institution that will enhance this process would be critically needed. The immediate
setting up of the TPNs, in many ways, can be construed as the reflection of the will of governments
and international bodies in collectively addressing the desertification issues. This could be the "cutting
edge" for achieving the breakthrough in addressing the desertification problem in the Asian region.
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Annex I
REFERENCE GRID ON THEMATIC PROGRAMME AREAS
FOR THE REGIONAL ACTION PROGRAMME FOR ASIA
Qualifying remarks:
1. The six priority TPAs have been endorsed by the May 1997 Beijing Ministerial
Conference. The list of countries and focal institutions will be further received by the
Expert Groups.
2. proposals for hosting the networks and identifying task managers will be reviewed by the
Expert Groups.
3. In the final revised grid, only one institution will be designated as national focal point.
This institution will liaise with and represent at the international level other national bodies
collaborating in the TPAs.
| PRIORITY THEMATIC PROGRAMME AREAS (TPA) | INITIAL LIST OF COUNTRIES INTERESTED IN THE TPA | FOCAL INSTITUTIONS |
| Theme 1:
Desertification Assessment and Monitoring - Covers the enhancement of desertification monitoring and assessment capacities by harmonizing approaches and the use of space-based technologies. The development of a framework for desertification indicators shall also be covered by the thematic area. Scope of interventions include, capacity building, joint research and training. |
People's Republic of China
(Willing to host the network)
Armenia
India
Islamic Republic of Iran
Israel
Kazakhstan
Kuwait
Mongolia
Turkmenistan
Syria
UNEP, FAO |
Ministry of Forestry; National
Desertification Monitoring
Center
Ministry of Environment
Protection and Underground
Resources
Ministry of Jihade Sazandegi,
Forest and Range
Organization Particularly their
Remote Sensing Unit
Jacob Blaustein Institute for
Desert Research
Ministry of Ecology and
Bioresources
Desert Research Institute
Ministry of Environment
ACSAD (Arab Center for Studies of Arid Zones in Drylands) |
| PRIORITY THEMATIC PROGRAMME AREAS (TPA) | INITIAL LIST OF COUNTRIES INTERESTED IN THE TPA | FOCAL INSTITUTIONS |
| Theme 2:
Agroforestry Management and Soil Conservation in Arid, Semi-Arid and Dry Sub-humid Areas - Will address issues relating to the curtailment of wide-scale deforestation and watershed degradation through the development and promotion of environmentally sound technologies and approaches. |
India (Willing to host the
network)
Armenia
Bangladesh
China
Syria
Israel
Jordan
Korea
Nepal
Iran
Pakistan
Philippines
Thailand FAO, UNEP |
National Research Center for
Agroforestry; Central Arid
Zone Research Institute and
Central Research Institute for
Dry Land Agriculture
Institute of Applied Ecology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences:
Institute of Water and Soil
Conservation, Academy of
Forestry
Ministry of Agriculture
Jacob Blaustein Institute for
Desert Research
Ministry of Agriculture
Forestry Research Institute
Department of Forest,
Department of Soil
Conservation and Forest
Research and Survey Center
Pakistan Forest Institute
Community Based Forest Management Office, Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources |
| PRIORITY THEMATIC PROGRAMME AREAS (TPA) | INITIAL LIST OF COUNTRIES INTERESTED IN THE TPA | FOCAL INSTITUTIONS |
| Theme 3:
Rangeland Management in Arid Areas including fixation of Shifting Sand Dunes - Re-establish sustainable systems for managing rangelands and livestock productivity in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humids. Particular emphasis is laid on controlling shifting sand dunes. |
Australia
China
India
Islamic Republic of Iran
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Mongolia
Pakistan
Jordan
Syria
Turkmenistan
Yemen
Uzbekistan |
Agriculture University Lanzhou Institute of Desert Institute of Rangeland of the
Academy of Agriculture
Arid Forest Research Institute;
Indian Grass Land and Fodder
Research Institute
Ministry of Jihade Sazandegi,
Forest and Range
Organization
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Ecology and
Biological Resources
Arid Zone Research Institute
Ministry of Agriculture
Desert Research Institute |
| PRIORITY THEMATIC PROGRAMME AREAS (TPA) | INITIAL LIST OF COUNTRIES INTERESTED IN THE TPA (¹) | FOCAL INSTITUTIONS |
| Theme 4:
Water Resources Management for Agriculture in Arid, Semi-arid and Dry Sub-humid Areas - Will promote cost effective approaches in utilizing scarce water resources in arid areas, minimize further soil degradation caused by salinization and test methodologies for the reclamation of degraded soils. The topic area will include problems relating to soil salinization and waterlogging. |
Australia
China
India
Islamic Republic of Iran
Israel
Saudi Arabia
Jordan (potential host)
Kazakhstan
Nepal
Oman (potential host)
Pakistan
Syria (potential host)
Turkmenistan |
CSIRO
Institute of Applied Ecology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Climate Center of the National
Meteorology Administration
Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute; Indian Institute of
Soil Science; G.B. Pant
Institute of Himalayan
Environment.
Ministry of Jihade Sazandegi,
Forest and Range
Organization
Jacob Blaustein Institute for
Desert Research
Ministry of Agriculture
Pakistan Agricultural Council; Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources.
UNEP |
(¹) Various countries have expressed interest in hosting this network
| PRIORITY THEMATIC PROGRAMME AREAS (TPA) | INITIAL LIST OF COUNTRIES INTERESTED IN THE TPA | FOCAL INSTITUTIONS |
| Theme 5:
Strengthening Capacities for Drought Impact Mitigation and Combatting Desertification - Will enhance institutional capacities to plan for drought preparedness and management with the end view of developing early warning systems. |
China
India
Iran
Israel
Syria
Kazakhstan
Mongolia |
China National Research and
Development Center for
Combating Desertification,
China National Committee for
the Implementation of the UN
Convention to Combat
Desertification.
Central Research Institute for
Dry land Agriculture
Jacob Blaustein Institute for
Desert Research
Ministry of Environment |
| Theme 6:
Assistance for the Implementation of Integrated Local Area Development Programmes Initiatives - support locally developed initiatives undertaken by communities which adopt specific and innovative approaches in combating desertification |
Open to all countries in the
region which can mobilize
villages to implement
integrated local area
development projects in
combating desertification.
FAO |
Annex II
Terms of Reference for the Experts Group on the Development of the
Thematic Programme Networks (TPNs) under the Regional Action
Programme to Combat Desertification in Asia
1.0 BACKGROUND
The current level of effort to make the Convention fully operational have now achieved a
significant milestone following the entry into force of the convention on 26 december 1996. This paves
the way for the convening of the first Conference of Parties (COP) scheduled to be held in Rome this
year, and will in effect signal the translation of the principles reflected in the convention to a more
concrete set of programme of actions in the global effort of combating desertification. In the light of
this development, many governments sees a unique opportunity for further advancing the effort
particularly in the area of firming up the networks and linkages, and global, regional, subregional and
national institutions that have been doing extensive work in combating desertification. Many member
countries have supported this process of RAP preparation and would now wish to see that the
momentum gained be sustained. A key measure of progress for the process is the establishment of
visible and functional networks of institutions for combating desertification in the various regions. In
this vein, this proposal is being put forward.
2.0 RATIONALE
The Convention to Combat Desertification provided the framework for the development of an
appropriate implementation mechanism at the global, regional, subregional and national levels.
Developed and developing countries that have committed themselves to this process are now currently
engaged in the identification/formulation of the respective policies, strategies and programmes. At
the regional level the same commitment is apparent as work in the preparation of the regional action
programmes by institutions having mandate for such tasks is likewise progressing. In the Asia region,
considerable efforts have been undertaken along this line and there is now a necessity to look into the
next steps to ensure consistency of efforts among the key players (i.e., members states and their
concerned institutions, international organizations, regional organizations and institutions, multilateral
agencies, donor countries and the civil society organizations concerned with the desertification issue)
involved in the process. A major step is the Beijing Conference, which is expected to provide
directions for strategically planning the next course of action beyond the first Conference of the Parties
to the CCD, which will take place in Rome in September 1997. At the outset, the critical element for
this process is the formulation of programming processes and identification of resources that will carry
on the present efforts to the next phases of implementation. Precisely, this proposal is prepared to
present the logical steps that would have to be carried out in order to attain the objectives of the RAP.
3.0 STRATEGIC THRUST
The present regional initiative comprises the preparation of a background document for the
Beijing Regional Conference on Combating Desertification in Asia. A significant element of the
background paper is the initial identification of possible thematic programme areas for networking and
collaborative linkages of institutions in the region. The aftermath of the Beijing Meeting will essentially
be the translation of the operating principles for the Regional Action Programme (RAP) into the
implementation of the regional networks for the various thematic programme areas. To ensure that this
process takes place, the following related steps could be considered:
a) setting up an Experts Group that will review the framework for the development of
the Networks of Thematic Programme areas of the Asian RAP and corresponding
identification of the task managers for the networks;
b) constituting a Regional Interagency Task Force in support of the regional action
programme development process;
c) establishing an International Contact Group including the Donor countries and
multilateral agencies in support of the regional action programme development
process; and
d) convening the various Consultative Forums of the respective Thematic Programme
Area Networks starting with the first one no later than the autumn of 1998.
Broadly, the above activities will be the next important milestones for regional cooperation
in Asia which are projected to take place within the next five years (1997-2001).
4.0 DRAFT TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE EXPERTS GROUP
In the light of the task ahead and considering the current levels of effort in the preparation of
the RAP in Asia, the most immediate step is to set up the Experts Group that will review the
framework for the development of the thematic programme networks (TPNs) areas for the regional
action programme. This Experts Group shall have the following Terms of Reference:
a) Review the complementarity, scope and coverage of the respective thematic
programme areas identified in the background paper for the Beijing Meeting;
b) Formulate criteria for determining the membership of the networks, taking into
account among others the capacity of institutions to significantly and effectively
participate in the networks;
c) Develop the Terms of Reference for setting up the Thematic Programme Networks
(TPNs);
d) Facilitate the identification process of the possible Task Managers who will serve as
hosts to the programme area networks on an interim basis until such time as they are
selected/confirmed by the national focal points of the network.
e) Develop the TOR for the setting up of the Regional Interagency Task Force in support of the RAP development process which will include the options for soliciting support resources to cover the cost of formulating the RAP for Asia.
5. 0 DESCRIPTION OF OUTPUTS
The key outputs of the Experts Group shall be the as follows;
a) Proposals and recommendations on institutional arrangements and co-ordination
mechanism for the development of the thematic programme networks under the RAP;
b) Firming up of the Thematic Programme Areas and review of proposals for the identification of Task Managers for the TPNs; and
c) TOR for the Regional Interagency Task Force and the International Contact Group.
6.0 TENTATIVE CALENDAR OF EVENTS (1997- 2001)
a) Setting up of an Experts Group that will review the framework for the development of the Thematic Programme Networks (TPNs) of the Asian Regional Action Programme - (initial work could commence on the autumn of 1997) [ will cover the constitution of the Experts Group, Preparatory Meeting of the International Experts Group and the subsequent Consultative Meeting of the Group];
b) Constitution of a Regional Interagency Task Force in support of the regional action
programme development process (would commence in mid-1998) [will cover the
constitution of the Interagency Task Force, preparatory meetings and subsequent
meetings which could extend up to 2000 depending on the final TOR for the Group];
c) Setting up of an International Contact Group including the Donor countries and agencies in support of the regional action programme development process, including arrangements for the RBF - (will commence in spring of 1998); and
d) The various Consultative Meetings of the respective Thematic Programme Networks
(TPNs) - (will commence in 1998 or 1999 and will have scheduled meetings of two
TPNs per year, which could continue to meet until 2001);
f) The RBF would be established in 1999. Consistent with the formulation of
benchmark indicators, the Facility will periodically review and monitor the progress
of work of the respective networks (once established) and check the consistency and
relevance of the RAP with the articles of the Convention, the agreements in the
Conference of Parties and the work programme the Committee of Science and
Technology.
g) During the above described process and throughout the sessions of the Conference of
the Parties, the Asian countries would assess the need for a third Regional Asian
Conference whose timing would depend on progress made in implementing the
present calendar of event. This Conference would not take place before the second
half of 1999.
Annex III
Reflecting the discussions and resolution of the New Delhi Regional Conference held in
August 1996 the following discussion covers the cross-cutting elements of the RAP that would become
part of the regional support programmes to be identified under each thematic networks of the RAP.
1.0 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION
The region has an established research and development (R&D) capacity in technical areas.
Many countries have R&D institutions of good standing, specially in agriculture. Significant progress
has been noted in examining alternative and sustainable systems of production and livelihood. While
the R&D in agriculture is quite established, research work on biotechnology, information technology,
environmental assessment, and socio-economic issues related to desertification need more work.
Following areas are recommended: (i) supporting the development of joint research agenda with inter-institutional collaboration for its conduct; (ii) increased effort in socio-economic research; (iii)
formulation of programmes at national and regional level that promote the validation and use of
traditional and indigenous knowledge and integrate them with modern technology; (iv) consolidating
research information and results on recorded local knowledge and indigenous practices for arresting
desertification and predicting droughts; and (v) identification of centres of excellence for desertification
and drought R&D and eventually build them as the national focal points for the desertification control
network.
2.0 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND CONSENSUS BUILDING
No government in the region would take issue with the notion that enhancing people's
participation is an essential process for promoting sustainable development. Accordingly, it is through
the participation process where the general desire and aspirations of the people are reflected in the
development discussions. Beyond generalities, however, there is a wide divergence of definition of
people's participation, particularly on what it means and on how to achieve it. The point of
disagreement perhaps can be attributed to the "stance" of how the process is viewed. The process
should start with consensus-building exercises among the key players and agree that participation
would mean the recognition that stakeholders have a direct influence and share control in the
development initiatives that are being contemplated. Among the promoters of people's participation
there should also be acceptance on their part to work within the local social system and be willing to
work collaboratively with the key stakeholders in the formulation of whatever interventions are
envisioned. As a principle, therefore, the RAP should consider adopting this view of participation and
consensus building. By taking this stance, the RAP would also recognize that there is no such thing
as a "perfect model" for participation but would concentrate more on ensuring the process to be
locally acceptable.
Similarly there should be recognition that poverty alleviation and the widespread provision of
basic needs and social development infrastructure can most effectively happen with active and
informed beneficiary participation. This is to be complemented by decentralization of authorities to
local governments, which should include the ability to raise financial resources and to plan and manage
development at the local government level. In the context of the RAP, the focal actions for ensuring
public participation in combating desertification are: (i) documentation and consolidation of
participatory methods and tools based on regional experiences, particularly in combating
desertification and mitigating drought; (ii) support in developing regional strategic programmes that
will strengthen the participation of major groups, specially the role of women, NGOs, the youth and
indigenous communities in the fight against desertification; (iii) support in the development of regional
programmes that will develop the capacities of institutions to implement the participatory approaches
to planning desertification control programmes at local levels; and (iv) support for the conduct of
social researches that will determine the most appropriate participatory approaches that can be applied
in arid, semi-arid, humid and sub-humid areas of the region.
3.0 EDUCATION CURRICULA PROMOTION AND AWARENESS RAISING
Increased public awareness is a means to bring attention to environmental issues. But the
dynamics of raising public awareness is more complex than just bringing people's attention to the key
issues that impact the public as a whole. The aspect that needs further emphasis relates to translating
available information on the process of desertification and the impacts of drought for institutions and
the public in general to take positive action. But sound information which is to serve as a basis for
adopting the proper policy framework is not sufficiently available. This limits the options of relevant
groups and authorities to decide and even apply policy and programme interventions that are
environmentally sound. Moreover, in some countries political commitment that is necessary to
translate public awareness into action is still lacking. With respect to environmental education,
although some considerable progress has been achieved in these areas, further efforts are still wanting
in developing education and training activities which emphasize context-specific, problem-solving
approaches and actions using culturally accepted modalities. Given these gaps, the RAP can
concentrate on the following action areas: (i) technical assistance to refine and re-orient current
environmental education plans and materials to a more action oriented and context-specific education,
training and information programmes; (ii) development of desertification control demonstration
programmes and action framework that will suit the various agro-ecological zones for training and
showcasing; (iii) formulation of a programme that will strengthen cooperation and collaboration
involving the media, NGOs and government institutions in disseminating materials and promotional
campaigns for combating desertification and anticipating the disastrous impacts of drought; and (iv)
technical assistance for governments, particularly in desertified zones for improving curriculum for
schools and out-of-school programmes, including adult education and women's training courses that
incorporate desertification control and practical approaches to drought mitigation.
4.0 CAPACITY AND INSTITUTION BUILDING
Capacity and institution building, particularly at national levels, is a critical prerequisite for
attaining success in the fight against desertification in the region. The need transcends all levels of
administration from communities in areas that are affected by severe desertification processes up to
the highest levels of government charged with the responsibility of steering the country to economic
progress. Generally, many countries in the region are pursuing various levels of capacity-building
efforts as possibly reflected in their respective national Agenda 21 programme in partnership with
international agencies like UNDP, UNEP, ESCAP, and multilateral financing institutions like the
World Bank the Asian Development Bank and the EBRD. Similarly, some well-off countries in the
region have initiated capacity-building outreach programmes such as the Technical Cooperation for
Developing Countries (TCDC) for their less developed neighbours. Although these activities are
commendable and steps in the right direction, there are still deficiencies in putting coherence to the
overall capacity-building programmes pursued by governments. The directions of capacity-building
programmes are still sectoral in scope and are pursued without consideration of the long term impacts
to the environment. Many of the capacity-building programmes and policies of government are not
in congruence to the sustainable development objectives they profess to pursue. Capacity building in
the region should be viewed as investments towards a more progressive future. The development of
skills and technology that are aligned along national sustainable development objectives is becoming
a regional imperative which should largely focus on enhancing domestic technological capacities
through research and development, improving human capital formation and opening opportunities for
affected sectors by making the labour force flexible to the demands of the situation.
Given the existing levels of effort by the various institutions in the region against
desertification, the draft RAP should envision a more defined role of these institutions with the
objective of attaining greater effectiveness and efficiency in carrying out their respective tasks. Among
others, the RAP should focus on the following action areas for strengthening the role of the regional
institutions: (i) undertake an assessment of existing programmes; and (ii) with inputs coming from
the national action programmes (NAP), develop and consolidate a regional training programme which
is to become capacity building framework for desertification control.
5.0 REGIONAL COOPERATION AND LAND DEGRADATION ACROSS DIFFERENT
CLIMATIC SUBREGIONS
This element would not represent a major focus under the Convention but would allow a
fruitful international cooperation with those Asian Countries which expressed a desire to do so despite
the fact that their territory does not fall under the climatic definition of desertification spelled out in
the Convention.
The varying agro-ecological zones in Asia elicit different responses to the problem of land
degradation taking place in the region. These responses differ as well from country to country
depending on a host of influencing factors such as the social, cultural, economic and political milieu.
There is, however, some degree of commonality among these countries with respect to land
degradation, i.e., the process and its triggering causes which are mainly due to poverty, inequality, and
perpetuation of environmentally destructive policies. The Asia-Pacific has a wealth of experience
sectorally responding to different land degradation processes which include among others the
following: (1) Soil and water conservation for areas where degradation is largely caused by water that
occurs mostly in mountainous or hilly areas as in Nepal, Thailand and Afghanistan; (2) reforestation
and agroforestry in areas that were formerly timber rich but have been deforested due to overlogging
or illegal cutting which are common in South East Asia, for instance, in Thailand, Laos and Vietnam;
(3) range management in savannah types of vegetation where overgrazing has threatened the ecological
stability of the area; (4) salinization in flat agricultural areas (due to over utilization of irrigation and
waterlogging) has reduced the crop productivity potential of these areas which are common in
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and other South Asian countries; and (5) sand dune fixation in arid and
semi-arid areas to neutralize the advance of deserts and sand dunes as in China, Mongolia and Central
Asian countries.
The exchange of experience among countries in the different climatic subregions can only be
beneficial in the overall battle against land degradation in the region. Although certain countries in
the region have started to formulate this mechanism, the efforts have been mainly bilateral in scope
and are relatively limited. Along the lines of earlier recommendations on enhancing technical
cooperation, this aspect should be the subject of increased regional cooperation that must be dealt with
extensively in the RAP. The following information can be of immense value to the current
desertification control efforts in the arid, semi-arid, humid and sub-humid regions: (i) the process of
developing the programmes for addressing the land degradation issues; (ii) the integrated local area
development approach in responding to the problem; (iii) the success and failures of the approaches
which should be valuable in developing a comprehensive programme against land degradation; and (iv)
exchanges on indigenous and low-cost technologies for rehabilitating degraded areas.
6.0 RESEARCH STUDY ON THE ENABLING MACROPOLICY FRAMEWORK
Macroeconomic policies are critical factors in determining the quality of management of each
country's natural resources and the sustainability of a country's economic development strategies.
Generally, the more stable the macroeconomic strategies that are pursued and the less distorted and
more open its trade and industrial sectors are, the less pressure there is for undue exploitation of its
resources. Its economic growth will also be more broad-based and sustainable, thus reducing the
incidence of poverty-induced deterioration of the environment. In traditional agriculture-based
economies, however, this situation is difficult to attain. Relying heavily on the fluctuation of prices
for the produced commodities, the volatility of the global market significantly affects the country's
economic position. Favourable commodity prices can force farmers to increase farm outputs to the
extent that unsustainable farm practices are also promoted (such as overcultivation, intensive farming
which overuses fertilizer, and overstocking of herds even in marginalized grazing areas). On the other
hand, low commodity prices also force farmers to practice unsustainable patterns of productions such
as keeping the herd on the hoof longer than the usual periods. As these practices do not take into
account climatic conditions, the incidence of drought can only exacerbate the conditions. Overall, the
macropolicies influence the sectoral and locational patterns of investment. The resulting size and
distribution of family incomes, the incidence of poverty and inter-regional discrepancies impact
forcefully on the magnitude and location of pressures on the environment and the further degradation
of resources.
The implications of the current macroeconomic policies pursued by governments in the region should be a key element in the drafting of the RAPACD. In general, the following areas of action can be reflected in the RAP: (i) promotion of greater awareness among policy makers that macroeconomic policies and combating desertification can be made to be mutually supportive; (ii) technical support in the conduct of policy researches that foster the integration of macroeconomic policies with environmental concerns at the local level; (iii) technical assistance to undertake studies that will promote competitiveness on environmentally sensitive commodities; (iv) technical support for the conduct of regional assessment of shifting patterns of comparative advantage and commodity specialization; (v) developing guidelines on strategic environmental analysis, environmental impact assessment, environmental risk assessment and environmental audits specifically for policies, programmes and projects in arid, semi-arid, humid and sub-humid areas; and (vi) formulating guidelines for the application of economic instruments for countries in arid, semi-arid, humid and sub-humid areas.