Through generations of innovation and experiment, smallholder farmers have nurtured a rich diversity of plants and animals, both wild and domesticated. Most academic literature emphasizes the accelerated loss of biodiversity, but this book describes how large numbers of smallholder farmers are conserving biodiversity in their farmland and surrounds. It is based on the fieldwork of the United Nations University Project on People, Land Management and Environmental Change (PLEC), which has observed how farmers use their knowledge and skills to manage diversity and also to manage their resources conservatively and profitably. PLEC members, coordinators and advisers work out of over 60 institutions in Brazil, China, Ghana, Guinée, Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Thailand, Tanzania, Uganda, Britain, the United States, Japan and Australia. This book highlights their positive experiences in order to draw lessons in support of “agrodiversity” as a developmental approach to policies for reversing loss of biodiversity, controlling land degradation, and improving small farmers’ livelihoods. Learning from farmers has been a valuable and important outcome of PLEC, and it has a great deal of potential application to other situations.