Why the need to link landscapes and livelihoods? It is common practice that environmental and social issues are dealt with separately by companies. A company may include environmental considerations in operational decisions while ‘community relations’ are dealt with by a completely separate part of the company. Nonetheless there is an increasing need for companies to understand environmental and social interactions in relation to the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and incentives to engage with smallholders are becoming clearer. For agricultural companies, engagement with smallholders is primarily about securing supply and expanding market share, while for extractive companies it is about wider landscape management and license to operate. In terms of their reputation, many companies are also under increasing scrutiny to demonstrate that their operations are not contributing to food insecurity