Anthropogenic activity is changing Earth’s climate and ecosystems in ways that are potentially dangerous and disruptive to humans. Greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere continue to rise, ensuring these changes will be felt for centuries beyond 2100, the current benchmark for prediction.

Estimating the effects of past, current, and potential future emissions to only 2100 is therefore shortsighted. Critical problems for food production and climate-forced ‘survival’ migration are projected to arise well before 2100 raising questions regarding the habitability of some regions of the Earth after the turn of the century.

This paper is a non-peer reviewed preprint and may be periodically revised. Upon acceptance to a journal, full peer-reviewed publication details will be provided in the ‘peer-reviewed publication DOI’ section of the Eartharxiv host page and included in the manuscript cover page. Please feel free to contact the corresponding author with questions or feedback regarding this paper.