This paper deals primarily with the third dimension, i.e. options for the financing of land technology transfer. Since
most environmental technology development as measured by patenting activity is concentrated in industrialized countries – yet with some middle-income economies such as China and Saudi Arabia also becoming major innovators in
land-based technologies – this paper focuses primarily on the transfer of technology from industrialized countries to developing countries (North-South). In addition, the paper may also propose financing options that apply for technology transfer between emerging and developing countries themselves (South-South).

The paper will not address the financing of technology transfer between industrialized countries (North-North) as it is assumed that there are sufficient market-based financing options available within developed countries for this purpose.