At its core , this book is about responding to change: the last few decades have seen the emergence of new aid actors, new aid modalities and perhaps most fundamentally, a new geography of global poverty.In light of these changes this book revisits the contested literature on aid and the uncertain evidence on aid effectiveness, and seeks to lessons and findings that might help us sketch out a practical and appropriate way of doing "aid"in the future.There is a radically different context for international aid today than in the past – a context characterised by drastically fewer poor countries and an overwhelming concentration (around three-quarters) of the world's poorest people in middle-income countries. Does this new geography of global poverty signal the end of aid for most countries, or a new kind of international co-operation?