Migration flows dropped by at least one-third in 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic

Permanent migration flows to OECD countries declined by more than 30% in 2020, to about 3.7 million – the lowest level since 2003. This drop could be as much as 40%, depending on which factors are taken into account.

All categories of permanent migration experienced a drop in 2020, with family migration showing the largest decline. Preliminary estimates suggest that intra-EU movements were slightly less affected, dropping 17%. Temporary labour migration also decreased sharply in 2020: the amount of working holidaymakers dropped, on average, by 58% and intra-company transfers by 53%, while the flow of seasonal agricultural workers only declined by 9% and even slightly increased in the main destination countries for such workers, e.g. the United States and Poland.

The number of new asylum applications in OECD countries fell by 31% in 2020; the sharpest drop since the end of the Balkan crisis in the early 1990s. However, the overall number remained above any year preceding 2014 except 1992. For the second consecutive year, Venezuela was asylum seekers’ main country of origin, followed by Afghanistan and Syria. Only 34 400 refugees were resettled in 2020; this is two-thirds less than in 2019 and the lowest number on record.
The COVID-19 crisis ended 10 years of continuous progress for immigrants’ labour market outcomes

In 2020, migrant employment rates declined in three out of five OECD countries, while migrant unemployment increased in three out of four countries. Gaps between foreign-born and native-born labour market indicators reached on average 2 percentage points for employment and more than 3 percentage points on unemployment. The labour market outcomes of immigrants have, however, not changed significantly in countries that used large job retention schemes during the crisis or in those with significant return migration. Immigrants from Latin America and the Middle East have been more negatively affected than other groups. On average in the OECD, more than two-thirds of immigrants were employed and one in ten migrants was unemployed in 2020.
Migration policy changes in 2020 were mostly driven by the pandemic

Throughout 2020 and into 2021, the majority of OECD countries have maintained travel restrictions and curtailed immigration services, due to COVID-19. Most used temporary measures to mitigate the pandemic’s effects, including:

Facilitating the entry of essential workers such as health care and seasonal agricultural workers

Taking steps to ensure that migrants affected by the crisis could continue to stay legally

Permitting international students to delay studies, begin coursework on line or work longer hours than usually allowed under student visas

Integration measures were also significantly impacted by COVID-19 throughout 2020. In many countries, integration obligations were relaxed or deadlines extended. The pandemic also fostered the use of digital tools for integration programmes, host-country language learning and outreach to migrant populations. Supports for vulnerable migrants were in place in most countries, with particular focus on encouraging migrants to access health care.

In the context of the pandemic and other events in 2020, many OECD countries and the European Union have implemented action plans to combat discrimination and its impact on those perceived to have a migrant background.

Key findings

At about 3.7 million, permanent migration to OECD countries in 2020 was at its lowest level since 2003.

Temporary labour migration declined in all OECD countries in 2020, most notably in Australia (-37%), Canada (-43%), Japan (-66%), Korea (-57%), and the United States (-37%).

The number of study permits delivered in 2020 declined sharply, by 70%, in both the United States and Canada, and by -40% on average in OECD EU countries.

The number of new asylum applications in OECD countries fell by 31% in 2020, resettlement by 65%.

In 2017, the contribution of immigrants to the financing of pure public goods represented a total of USD 547 billion in the 25 countries included in the analysis.

In most EU OECD countries, a concentration of migrants’ children in schools is associated with a penalty in terms of their educational levels attained. In Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, and Sweden, this is more than a year less of schooling. Native-born descendants of immigrants living in segregated neighbourhoods also tend to have lower educational attainment levels.