Land is often discussed at global conferences in hectares, targets and indicators. For the people who live from the land, it is also home, livelihood, culture, memory and identity. At UNCCD COP17, held in Ulaanbaatar in August, that reality was evident in discussions on land tenure, rangelands, science and knowledge, finance and implementation. Across them, one practical issue kept surfacing: how to bring the knowledge of people who manage the land into decisions on its use, assessment and restoration. Throughout COP17, the role of Indigenous Peoples as well as local communities in restoring and sustainably managing land featured prominently in formal discussions. Parties and observers emphasized the value of bringing Indigenous knowledge together with science and of strengthening land rights and tenure security. Representative of civil society organizations and Indigenous Peoples also called for community-generated data to inform reporting and for communities to be engaged as partners in implementation and decision-making. Some of those priorities were reflected in the final decisions. On land tenure, Parties encouraged inclusive and participatory dialogue from local to national level, drawing on all forms of available knowledge, and recognized customary and communal rights of access to natural resources. The decision on rangelands recognized pastoralists as critical stewards, acknowledged mobility as an adaptation and resilience strategy and called for knowledge accumulated by pastoralists to inform efforts to close knowledge and data gaps. The specific agenda item on civil society participation, however, was not considered at COP17 and will return at COP18. Outside the negotiating rooms, practitioners and Indigenous participants brought these questions down to the level of everyday experience. Maedeh Salimi of Iran, a programme director at the Center for Sustainable Development and Environment (CENESTA), works with pastoralists, smallholder farmers and fishing communities. She described land as far more than a source of income. A community’s culture, food system, social structure and future are tied to its territory, she said. Indigenous Peoples as well as local communities therefore need a direct role in decisions affecting those territories as rights-holders. Several voices at COP17 stressed that useful evidence does not come from formal science alone. Ecologist Ermias Betemariam of the Nairobi-based Landscape Alliance says young scientists need to learn not only from books but also from communities, farmers and pastoralists — to “read landscapes and people” alongside scientific literature. Tai Pelli, a Borican Taíno from Puerto Rico with the United Confederation of Taíno Peoples, put the same point more directly. “We cannot make Indigenous knowledge secondary or inferior to what modern science has,” she said. “I think that if we work together, we can make a huge difference.” One example of that collaboration came from South Africa. At a DryNet event on community-driven rangeland management, participants presented restoration work where grazing plans are co-designed with communities rather than delivered to them. Farmers implement the plans with locally recruited eco-rangers, including young people and women, while restoration is linked to training, market access and livelihoods. The experience demonstrated that technical interventions are only part of the equation: restoration is more likely to last when communities have ownership, functioning local institutions and economic opportunities tied to the land. UNCCD Executive Secretary Yasmine Fouad speaks at the opening of the COP17 Indigenous Peoples' PavilionAt an event on Indigenous data and resilient territories, participants explored what people on the ground can add to information gathered from above. Satellite data can show that something has changed; communities can often explain what that change means and why it happened. Indigenous representatives and practitioners working in the Amazon, the Congo Basin and West Africa described monitoring systems that combine satellite imagery, GPS, drones and mapping with knowledge built up over generations. In the Peruvian Amazon, Indigenous monitors collect territorial data to identify threats and guide conservation and restoration. Pastoralist groups carried many of these priorities into a collective declaration. The Ulaanbaatar Declaration, adopted by pastoralist and Indigenous peoples at the Global Pastoralist Gathering ahead of COP17 and presented during the COP’s open dialogue, describes pastoralists as rights-holders, knowledge holders and solution providers. It calls for recognition of mobility and customary governance, free, prior and informed consent, meaningful participation, direct access to finance and the need to recognize pastoralist knowledge systems alongside scientific knowledge. For Erjen Khamaganova, a Buryat-Mongol representative of the World Union of Indigenous Spiritual Practitioners at COP17 and a founding member of its Elders Council, knowledge of the land is also inseparable from responsibility. Frameworks and finance cannot deliver implementation without real engagement at community level, she said. Her own vision of land is rooted in ancestral ideas of two-way responsibility between people and Mother Earth — a relationship in which caring for land is an obligation upheld across generations. The question of knowledge and stewardship ultimately leads to another: who has a voice in the work of the Convention. During COP17, the UNCCD Indigenous Peoples Caucus, the  Local Communities Caucus, Civil Society Organizations Panel, Youth Caucus and Gender Caucus came together to call for meaningful participation in UNCCD decision-making and for their role to be fully reflected in the Convention’s work. “We are here to offer solutions that are born from our close relationship with nature and with the land,” said Jennifer Tauli Corpuz of the Indigenous Peoples' Caucus. While COP17 did not resolve every question around participation, it marked the first formal meetings of the Indigenous Peoples Caucus and Local Communities Caucus and brought together the largest representation of Indigenous Peoples in the history of a UNCCD COP. Parties took note with appreciation of the declarations of Indigenous Peoples, the youth  the local communities and the Mayors and included them in the COP17 proceedings. They did the same with the declaration by civil society organizations and summaries of the two civil society open dialogues. The land tenure decision also asks the secretariat to support the convening of all four UNCCD caucuses as a way to enrich discussions on land tenure and implementation. The participation debate remains unfinished, but the programme for COP18 puts civil society participation back on the agenda and provides for the caucuses to convene again when Parties meet in Egypt in 2028. Photo : © UNCCD/Kiara Worth

About 30 mayors, governors and other local and regional leaders gathered this week at the UNCCD COP17 Mayors' Forum adopted the Ulaanbaatar Declaration, committing to advance local action on sustainable land management and drought resilience, and calling for a stronger, more permanent role for cities and regions in the UNCCD process.

Land provides the food we eat, the water we drink and the raw materials that power industries and economies. Yet nearly 40 per cent of the world's land is already degraded, threatening ecosystems, livelihoods and businesses alike.Reversing this trend requires action far beyond governments alone, with the private sector playing an increasingly important role in driving innovation, investment and sustainable land management.This is the vision behind Business for Land (B4L), the UNCCD main vehicle for engaging the private sector in sustainable land and water management. Through partnerships, policy dialogue and sustainable finance, B4L works with companies and financial institutions to help manage the risks associated with land degradation and drought while creating opportunities to restore landscapes, strengthen value chains and build more resilient economies.Building on the record level of private sector participation at the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP16) to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) in Riyadh, Business for Land will deepen its engagement at UNCCD COP17 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The Business Land Forum will bring together governments, businesses, investors and development partners to strengthen public-private partnerships and identify practical ways to accelerate investment and action on regenerative landscapes.One of the Forum's key outcomes will be the presentation of a new set of policy recommendations developed by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), a global, CEO-led organization working with businesses to accelerate the transition to a more sustainable future.At the request of the UNCCD Business for Land initiative, WBCSD led a global consultation involving more than 50 businesses, producers, civil society organizations and ecosystem partners to identify practical policy changes that can unlock investment in regenerative landscapes. Drawing on the experience of businesses across agriculture, forestry, finance, food and manufacturing, the recommendations call for more coherent policy frameworks, stronger public-private collaboration and investment conditions that enable regenerative landscapes to be scaled. The recommendations will be formally presented during the Business for Land Forum on 24 August.“We need a systemic shift in the incentives that drive land use decisions so that sustainable land management becomes the default rather than the exception. I think it is absolutely true that this is an economic necessity and not just an act for the environment,” saidDr. Claudia Hiepe, UNCCD National Focal Point Team, Germany.The recommendations build on months of dialogue between governments and the private sector, including the Public-Private Dialogue on Regenerative Landscapes, co-hosted by the Governments of Germany and Côte d'Ivoire in partnership with WBCSD on 16 July. The dialogue provided an opportunity for governments and businesses to exchange priorities ahead of COP17 and helped shape the recommendations. Through the Action Agenda on Regenerative Landscapes, participating organizations have already committed more than USD 9 billion across over 210 million hectares, demonstrating growing momentum behind private sector action. “Businesses and governments have a shared interest in scaling regenerative landscapes. But achieving this requires trust and collaboration between the public and private sector. Going forward, it’s important that both sectors continue to strengthen their collaboration to co-create country-specific solutions and unlock investment for sustainable land management,” said Emeline Fellus, Senior Director, World Business Council for Sustainable Development.Despite this progress, financing remains one of the greatest challenges. UNCCD estimates that approximately USD 355 billion is needed every year to meet global land restoration and drought resilience commitments, while current investment stands at around USD 77 billion annually. Closing this USD 278 billion gap will require stronger policy frameworks, innovative financial solutions and closer collaboration between governments, businesses and financial institutions. "Restoring land at scale requires more than finance—it requires partnership. Governments create the enabling environment, businesses bring innovation and investment and financial institutions help unlock capital. Business for Land is about bringing these actors together so that ambition is translated into practical action and lasting impact," said Louise Baker, Managing Director of the UNCCD Global Mechanism. Alongside the recommendations, WBCSD has launched a Statement of Support, inviting companies to endorse a shared commitment to regenerative landscapes and closer collaboration with governments. Businesses are encouraged to support the initiative and work with policymakers to adapt and apply the recommendations in ways that respond to national priorities and accelerate investment in sustainable land management. By bringing together governments, businesses and financial institutions, the Business4Land Forum aims to turn growing momentum into practical partnerships that accelerate investment and action on regenerative landscapes.